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Uncertain Shapes of Tensioned Membrane Projects and Shape Determination

Date: 2022-03-30 Author: 科琦气膜

  膜结构的突出特点之一就是它形状的多样性,曲面存在着无限的可能性。对于气承式空气膜结构来说,充气之后的曲面主要是圆球面或圆柱面,可能没有太多的选择余地。而对于以索或骨架支承的膜结构,其曲面就可以随着建筑师的想象力而任意变化。

  膜结构形状的千变万化突出地表现在历年各国举行的博览会上。在这些博览会上,大大小小的展览馆,无不以新颖奇特的造型来吸引观众,而膜结构就能用来达到这样的目的。例如1985年在日本茨城县举行的国际科学技术博览会,入口就是以五颜六色的膜材构成的拱形大门。在众多的展览馆中膜结构尤为夺目,像火鸟馆以钢梁与索组成的骨架支承扁平的凹凸屋面。美国馆以高耸的桅杆悬挂银白色的屋面。电力馆以中央塔架悬吊25个尖顶帐篷,夜晚通过灯光的反射宛如燃烧的火焰。其他象在候车亭、电话亭、走廊、厕所上也都出现了用膜材构成形式各异的建筑小品,蔚为大观。

  就形状而言,对建筑师说来是至关重要的。采用一般结构的建筑物,其形状往往是先由建筑师确定。膜结构则不同,首先它的变形比一般结构要大一些,其次它的形状是在施工过程中逐步形成的,有一个形状确定的问题,需要结构工程师的参与。要确定在初始荷载下结构的初始形状,即结构体系在膜自重(有时还有索)与预应力作用下的平衡位置。在初步设计阶段,先按建筑要求设定大致的几何外形,然后对膜面施加预应力使之承受张力,其形状也相应改变,经过不断调整预应力,最后就可得到理想的几何外形和应力分布状态。

  悬索结构中的索网与膜结构一样也有形状确定问题,像1968年蒙特利尔博览会的德国馆和1972年慕尼黑奥运会主体育场都有特殊的形状需要确定,

  当时只有借助于缩尺模型来解决。早期的膜结构经常使用这种方法,从最简单的肥皂膜到织物或钢丝。由于小尺度模型的测量误差不足以保证表面几何形状的正确性,因此只能作为全尺度建筑形状的参考。但这仍然是为设计师提供直观形象的有效手段。随着计算机技术的不断进步,膜结构的形状越来越依赖于计算机。在膜结构设计理论中,还有一个特殊的研究课题——找形。为了找到合理的几何形状,

  膜结构的初始形状可以通过计算机的多次迭代来确定。

  膜结构设计打破了先建筑后结构的传统做法,要求建筑设计与结构设计紧密结合。在设计过程中,建筑师和结构工程师应该坐在一起确定建筑物的形状,并进行必要的计算和分析。此时,设计建筑的平面形状、立面要求、支点设置、材料类型和预应力尺寸将成为相互制约的因素。完美的设计是上述矛盾和统一的结果。



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